Protecting Psoriasis: A Comprehensive Review of Sunscreen

 

Resham Ingawale*, Aneri V. Adsul, Prajakta Chavan, Gaurav Kale

YSPM’S YTC Faculty of Pharmacy, Satara, Maharashtra, India.

 

ABSTRACT:

Psoriasis is one of the most common dermatological disease affecting up to 2.5 % of world population. It is characterized by inflammatory, red scaly condition of the skin. For the management of psoriasis, drug treatment includes topical, oral, phototherapy, conventional systematic treatment and biological therapy. Many reviews resulted that management of psoriasis had challenges. However researchers reported that first line therapy for mild to moderate psoriasis are topical treatment, phototherapy either UVA or UVB. Ultraviolet (UV) radiations has been demonstrated to cause skin disorders including sunburn and relative symptoms of prolonged exposure. It has been reported that sunscreens have beneficial effects in reducing the incidence of skin disorders (skin aging, sunburn and immunosuppression) through their ability to absorb, reflect and scatter UV. Sunscreen is defined as a substance that protects the skin from excessive exposure to the ultraviolet radiations on the skin. So sunscreen protection is popular mean of protection from number of skin disorders. As psoriasis is characterized by inflammation and formation of scaly patches. While moderate sun exposure has been shown to benefit some individuals with psoriasis by improving symptoms through UVB therapy, excessive UV Radiation can exacerbate the condition and cause further skin damage. Sunscreen plays a critical role in managing psoriasis, helping to prevent UV induced flare-ups and protecting the skin from harmful sun exposure. The sunscreen formulations tailored the needs of psoriasis patients with a focus on minimizing irritation while providing optimal UV protection. Hence sunscreen use in management of psoriasis, helping to reduce the risk of flare-ups and prevent long term skin damage. Present article summarizes the psoriasis, its pathogenesis and various sunscreen agents along with its evaluation

 

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION:

PSORIASIS:

Psoriasis is a non-infectious, chronic inflammatory skin disorder clinically characterizes by erythematous, sharply demarcated papules and rounded plaques covered by silvery micaceous scales. It is an immune mediated skin disease that affects approximately 125 million people worldwide¹. The word ‘psoriasis’, is derived from the Greek word “psora” meaning “itch” or “scurf” or “rash”, although most patients suffering from the condition do not complain of itching². Plaque psoriasis is the most common variant and characterized by erythematous scaly patches or plaques that occur commonly on extensor surfaces, but it can also affect the intertriginous areas, palms, soles and nails. Psoriasis affect the men and women equally and it affects adults more than children³. Psoriasis is one of the oldest recorded skin diseases. The English dermatologist, Robert Willan (1757~1812) recognized psoriasis as an independent disease. He identified two categories. “Leprosa Graecorum” was the term he used to describe the condition when the skin had scales. Psora Leprosa described the condition when it became eruptive⁴.

 

Onset of Psoriasis:

The disease is triggered by several factors and tends to worsen with time. Various factors that lead to the start of psoriasis are discussed below:

1.     Trauma: The sites on the skin, which are exposed to the friction or minor trauma, such as the extensive areas of knees, elbow, etc. are the areas prone to psoriasis.

2.     Infection: Certain toxins, such as bacterial toxins that activate T-cells tend to induce the appearance of cutaneous lymphocyteantigen, which produces psoriatic lesions.

3.     Obesity:  Some study reports suggested that obesity is the causative agent of the disease, while some others revealed that psoriasis leads to obesity. Some studies suggest that adipocyte proliferation of proinflammatory cytokines leads to psoriasis.

4.     Drugs: Many drugs can initiate psoriasis including the lithium, corticosteroids, antimalarial, β blockers, etc.

5.     Stress: Stress is reported to play a role in inducing the disease.

6.     Smoking: The incidence of the disease is greater in the case of smokers, as evident from a dose-response relationship. The prevalence of the disease is higher in women than in men.

7.     Endocrine Factors: Certain hormones, such as androgens, prolactin, and thyroid hormones are known to have a direct influence on psoriasis.⁵

 

Types of Psoriasis:

Psoriasis may appear at any age, but are two peak onsets is during early onset (childhood psoriasis) up to age 13 years and late onset (adulthood psoriasis) after age 40 years. The other multiple form of psoriasis often distinguished on the basis of location and appearance of the lesions such as follows⁶,

1.      Plaque psoriasis - Skin lesions are red at the base and covered by silvery scales.

2.      Guttate psoriasis- Small, drop-shaped lesions appear on the trunk, limbs, and scalp.

3.      Pustular psoriasis - Blisters of non-infectious pus appear on the skin.

4.      Inverse psoriasis - Smooth, red patches occur in the folds of the skin near the genitals, under the breasts, or in the armpits. The symptoms may be worsened by friction and sweating.

5.      Erythrodermic psoriasis - Widespread reddening and scaling of the skin may be a reaction to severe sunburn or to taking corticosteroids (cortisone) or other medications.⁶

 

Pathogenesis:

The most evident pathogenetic change leading to psoriasis is alteration in the cell kinetics of keratinocytes i.e. abnormal differentiation and hyperproliferation of keratinocytes. Keratinocytes are cells in the epidermis that produce keratin, a “protein that helps to protect the skin and underlying tissues from heat, microbes, and chemicals.” Patients with psoriasis shed and replace these cells every two to six days, a quite bit faster than normal which is 21 to 28 days leading to buildup of dead and living cells⁴. The pathogenesis of psoriasis is also based on the overproduction of interleukin (IL)-23, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL) - 17A and interleukin (IL)-36 gamma. TNF- alpha mediates inflammation and causes alteration of apoptosis, hyperproliferation, neoangiogenesis and differentiation that produce cutaneous symptoms.⁷

 

Consequences of psoriasis:

Consequences of psoriasis include following,

·       Infection

·       Hyperuricemia

·       Malabsorption

·       Hypoalbuminemia

·       Thermoregulation (Heat production and Heat loss)

·       Hepatic abnormalities⁸

 

Treatment of Psoriasis:

Topical medicines are considered as the first line of defense in psoriasis for reducing cell reproduction, and inflammation. Many over- the-counter medications are used, such as corticosteroids, for reducing redness of lesions and swelling; anthralin for psoriasis lesions; coal tar, salicylic acid, capsaicin, aloe Vera and zinc pyrithione are used for soothing, moisturizing and relieving, Itching. Sunlight can be used on a regular basis as phototherapy for psoriasis, but in a precise manner to prevent sunburn and to heal psoriasis lesions. Phototherapy or light therapies used to provide ultraviolet rays to patients' skin on a regular basis under the supervision of dermatologists. Herbs and natural products have been attracting the interest of researchers for the treatment of several diseases due to their easy availability and fewer toxicities. The herbs showing anti-psoriatic activity are mainly due to activation of T-cell, inhibition of cytokines, counter offensive strategies and trafficking of T-cell. Medicinal plants with anti- inflammatory and immunosuppressant phytoconstituents may be useful in treating psoriasis.⁷

 

 

Topical Therapy:

The topical treatment of psoriasis is often associated with irritation and generally provides moderately to unsatisfied therapy. Topical treatment is considered as the main therapy in mild to moderate psoriasis. There may be undesirable skin interactions due to topical applications such as irritation and burning, which may lead to patient non-compliance.^5,9

 

Oral therapy:

Oral therapy used for the treatment of psoriasis but the side effects associated with oral therapies are greater as compared to topical treatment. Therefore, it is not widely accepted. It is given as monotherapy as well as in combination with biologics and also as phototherapy to decrease the side effects and increase the efficiency. Oral therapy is mostly used in cases where topical therapy fails to exhibit improvement in symptoms. Common drugs used in oral therapy are-⁵

 

 

 

 

 

Biological Therapy and Parenteral Therapy:

Small biologics are also given parenterally to produce a systemic effect. Biologics are glycoproteins that are obtained from living organisms. These possess the ability to interact with particular targets of the immune system. Biologics are known to include monoclonal antibodies, cytokines, antisense oligonucleotides, fusion proteins, and RNA⁵.

 

Phototherapy:

Phototherapy involves exposure of the skin to UV radiations, which can decrease the appearance of plaques on the skin and related itchiness. These radiations range from 100nm to 400nm and the therapeutically active range from 290nm to 400nm.

 

However, light therapy does not cure the disease but helps in the management of symptoms of the disease.It acts by causing cutaneous immuno-suppression, slowing down excessive growth of cells and altered cytokine expression]. The response to phototherapy is different in different individuals. The therapy requires extensive time investment with three to five therapy sessions per week with the total treatment period ranging from approximately two to three months. The patients on phototherapy are at risk to develop skin cancer. The phototherapy can be given in the form of UV-A, UV-B, and UVA1. UV-A consists of longer wavelengths and has the potential to penetrate deep skin layers. The UV-A treatment is generally given in combination with psoralen, which makes the skin more responsive to UVA treatment. UV-B consists of short wavelengths and therefore, it does not penetrate deeper skin tissues⁵. Phytopharmaceuticals in the treatment of Psoriasis:⁵

 

Ultra-Violet radiations and human skin: Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is defined as that portion of the electromagnetic radiation lies between X-rays and visible light which is from 200 to 400nm. This ultraviolet radiation comprises 3 categories depending on wavelength as follows:

UV-A Radiation: This radiation ranges between 320 to 400nm. UV-A is most responsible radiation for immediate tanning or darkening of the skin due to excess production of melanin in the epidermis, premature photo ageing, and suppression of immunologic functions.

UV-B Radiation: This radiation ranges between 280 to 320nm. UV-B radiations are known as burning rays as they are 1000 times more capable of causing sunburn than UV-A. UV-B rays act mainly on the epidermal basal cell layer of the skin.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

UV-C Radiation: This radiation ranges between 200 to 280nm. UV-C radiations are filtered by stratospheric ozone layers so less effective and hazardous.¹⁴

 

 

Fig. 1: Anatomy of skin layers and showing penetration of UVA and UVB radiation into skin layers¹⁰

 

Ultra violet radiations and sunscreen actives: Theoretically, sunscreen actives could perform their task of reducing or preventing UV-induced burning in one of three ways. One way (chemical) would be to absorb the UV radiation to prevent the radiation from damaging viable tissue. A second way (physical) would be to reflect the UV radiation. The third way (biological) would be to reduce inflammation either by blocking the biological inflammatory response or by enhancing the biological repair. A few sunscreen actives may operate in more than one way.¹⁵

 

SPF: Sun Protection Factor:

Sun protection factor is the system used to determine how much protection a sunscreen provides, applied to the skin at a thickness of 2mg/cm^2. The test works how much UV radiation takes to cause sunburn on a skin with or without sunscreen applied¹⁶. For example, If a person burns in 10 minutes without the sunscreen, but does not burn until 150 minutes with the sunscreen, then the SPF of sunscreen is 150/10 = 15. Hence the goal of formulator is to develop the highest SPF, possibly using the least amount of sunscreen actives, because sunscreen actives are expensive and may be irritating¹⁵. As the SPF value increases, sunburn protection increases. Generally, SPF15~20 is suitable for daily protection¹⁷.

 

Selection of SPF in Sunscreen:

a)    For fare skin - Fare skin burns easily hence choose a broad spectrum Sunscreen with a high SPF e.g. 30+

b)   For tan skin - Choose a broad spectrum sunscreen with intermediate SPF e.g. 8-15+

c)    For darkly pigmented skin - do not need high sun protection i.e. required low SPF ¹⁶

 

Sun protection from particular sunscreen depends on

·       Skin type of user

·       Person a heavily sweating or being exposed to water

·       Various activities like swimming

·       Amount applied and frequency of re-application

 

 

Fig.2: SPF efficacy versus UV absorbance¹⁵

 

Classification of Sunscreen Agents: Sunscreen agents are basically categorized into synthetic and natural sunscreen, in that synthetic sunscreen are categorized in inorganic and organic UV filters which have specific mechanisms of action upon exposure to sunlight. Inorganic agents reflect and scatter light, while organic blockers absorb high-energy UV radiation. Recently, hybrid materials combining properties of organic and inorganic compounds have attracted the attention of scientists as a promising sunscreen agent.

 

Remarkably, natural agents, which contain large amounts of antioxidant compounds, can be used as inactive ingredients to protect the skin against adverse effects (e.g., photo aging, wrinkles, and pigment).¹⁸

 

1. Synthetic Sunscreen:

Synthetic Sunscreen contains Organic and Inorganic filters. Chemical sunscreen are physical blockers which reflect or scatter UV rays and it also absorbs high energy UV rays. Organic compounds protects against a range of UV ray spectrum which is included with chemical sunscreen. By spreading the microparticles of inorganic compound on epidermis which is upper layer of skin increases the optical path of photons which results in absorption of photons in high amount by increasing the Sun Protection Factor (SPF) ultimately increases the efficacy of compound¹⁰.

 

a)    Organic filters:

Organic blockers are classified into either UVA (anthranilates, dibenzoylmethanes, and benzophenones) or UVB filters (salicylates, cinnamates, para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) derivatives, and camphor derivative), which play an important role in absorption activity of sunscreen. These agents show outstanding safety and aesthetic properties, including stability, nonirritant, nonvolatile, non- photosensitizing, and non-staining to human skin, compared to inorganic UV filters. Besides, they are mostly used in combination at levels currently allowed by the FDA to provide broad-spectrum absorption, as well as increased SPF values. Nevertheless, the combination is limited in selecting the appropriate UVA/UVB filters to avoid possible negative interactions between the combining agents. Particularly, some organic filters (e.g., PABA, PABA derivatives, and benzophenones) show considerable negative effects, including eczematous dermatitis, burning sensation, and increased risk of skin cancer. Therefore, sunscreens have recently minimized or avoided the use of these compounds to protect consumers from undesirable effects. For example, the use of the two most popular organic filters, octinoxate (ethylhexul methoxycinnamate) and oxybenzone, has recently been restricted in Hawaii because of their negative effect on the coral reefs. Besides, some photo unstable filters (e.g., avobenzone and dibenzoylmethanes) show a number of photoreactive results in the formation of photoproducts that can absorb in different UV regions, therefore reducing their photoprotective efficacy.¹⁸

 

Organic filters are those ingredients which will absorb specific wavelength of UV radiation depending on their chemical structure. The filter which is in low energy level converts to high energy level¹⁹. From this high-energy level, one of the following three processes can occur depending on the filter's ability to process the energy it has absorbed:

1)    Photostable filter: This filter form dissipates the absorbed energy as heat energy to the atmosphere and returns to the low- energy level (ground state). It is efficient at reabsorbing UV energy.

2)    Photo-unstable filter:  Upon absorption of UV energy, a change in its chemical structure or degradation occurs. It cannot consume UV energy again.

3)    Photoreactive filter: The filter interacts with neighbouring  molecules in its excited state, includin g other ingredients of proteins and lipids from sunscreen, oxygen, and hair. This leads to reactive species being generated that may have undesirable biological effects²⁰.

 

Types of Organic filters: Dibenzoylmethane Derivatives:

Benzophenone Derivatives:

Para-Aminobenzoic acid (PABA) and its derivatives:

Salicylate Derivatives: Benzotriazoles:¹⁰

 

b)    Inorganic filters: Inorganic filter scatter and reflect back UV rays to the external environment. It acts as a physical barrier for UV radiation. This filters are considered to be broad spectrum as it covers the entire UV range. Common inorganic filter are Titanium dioxide and Zinc oxide²¹. Inorganic blockers have been approved to protect human skin from direct contact with sunlight by reflecting or scattering UV radiation over a broad spectra¹⁸. The current agents are ZnO, TiO₂, Fe_xO_y, calamine, ichthammol, talc, and red veterinary petrolatum. Although they are generally less toxic, more stable, and safer for human than those of organic ingredients, they are visible due to white pigment residues left on the skin and can stain clothes. Since the early 1990 s, these metal oxides have been synthesized in the form of micro and nanoscale particles (10–50 nm), which can reduce the reflection of visible light and make them appear transparent throughout the skin, resulting in enhance aesthetics over the larger size²². For instance, micro- size TiO₂ and ZnO have been replaced nano-size TiO₂ and ZnO in sunscreen, eliminating undesired opaqueness and improve SPF value¹⁸.

 

1)     Natural Sunscreen:

Natural Sunscreen (also known as Herbal sunblock, Herbal suntan lotion) is a lotion, spray or other topical product that helps protect the skin from the sun's ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and which reduces sunburn and other skin damage, with the goal of lowering the risk of skin cancer with the help of herbs¹⁶.

Advantages of Natural Sunscreens:

(1)   Easily available.

(2)   Compatible with all skin types.

(3)   Keeps the skin smooth and energetic.

 

Natural Sunscreen Agents:²³

Ideal characteristics of sunscreen agents:

1)    Should be non-toxic and non-irritant.

2)    It must absorb or filter out the rays causing sunburn which are those in the region from 2900 to 3300 Angstroms.

3)    Should be stable in the presence of light, air, and moisture, or if it is decomposed under these conditions, the decomposition products should have comparable absorption to the original compound in the 2900 to 3300Angstrom region.

4)    Should not be rapidly absorbed through the skin.

5)    Should be rapid soluble in suitable vehicle, should have good solubility in the ointment base or vehicle in which it is to be formulated and should have low water solubility to prevent rapid removal by perspiration.

6)    Should have very slight or no absorption for the long ultraviolet rays beyond 3400 Angstroms which are thought to produce tanning without appreciable erythema.

7)    Should be nearly neutral so untoward effects are not produced by the presence of acid or base on the skin.

8)    Should be relatively nonvolatile so it will not evaporate under the conditions of use.^16,24

 

Formulations of Sunscreen:

1.      Emulsion Sunscreen: An emulsion is termed a lotion or cream depending on its viscosity. It is normally produced from two unmixable liquid phases (oil and water), namely (W/O) and (O/W) emulsions. Moreover, multiple emulsions (O/W/O and W/O/W), show an effective application in recent sun protection technology. Thus, emulsion sunscreens are cost effective vehicles because water accounts for the largest proportion and active ingredients contribute a little amount. These formulations possess the ability to spread more easily on the skin and disperse from bottles and shows great effectiveness to achieve high SPF¹⁸.

 

2.      Gel Sunscreen: Sunscreen gel seems to represent an ideal vehicle from an aesthetic perspective due to its purity and elegance. It is categorized into four main forms, namely aqueous, hydro alcoholic, micro emulsion, and oil anhydrous formulations. The aqueous gel must be composed of water and solubilizes at sufficient proportions to ensure the gel will be transparent at all temperatures. Therefore, it is easily washed away when exposed to water or sweat. The aqueous gel provides low SPF compared to other kinds of gel sunscreens. The hydro alcoholic gels are formulated by alcohol (ethanol) in conjunction with water, because most lipophilic ingredients are readily miscible in alcohol. The microemulsion gels are composed of small particles, allowing them to appear smooth, thick, and evenly on the skin, thus delivering an elegant feel and high SPF. Unfortunately, it is markedly expensive to achieve transparent microemulsions containing high-level emulsifiers (15–25%)^18,25.

3.      Aerosol Sunscreen: Aerosol sunscreens are topically applied to protect skin disorders from harmful sunlight. These products can be easily spread onto the surface of skin, and distribute active ingredients to form a thin film on the skin²⁶. The aerosol products have not become as popular as other sunscreens due to some critical negative aspects and Caution must be taken to avoid accidentally spraying sunscreen into the eyes²⁵.

 

4.      Sun Stick: The sun stick is one of the most convenient products due to its small size and light weight. The sun stick is produced by two main emulsion components, namely oil and oil-soluble components, through the incorporation of petrolatum and waxes. Thus, it tends to have a greasy feel on the skin, which is a common problem of most water-resistant sunscreens²⁵. However, this product has gained great attention due to its ability to cover a very small surface area during each application. It is also easy to carry and re-touch²⁷.

 

5.      Nano Lipid Carrier (NLC): In Nano lipid carrier the drug is incorporated into the mixture which have ratio of solid lipids and liquid lipids. Rania et al prepared the oxybenzone loaded NLC which was formulated as gel and reported increase in six to eight times in vitro SPF¹⁰.

 

6.      Nanoparticles: Nanoparticles are those particles whose size range is 1-100nm. Marcela et al prepared a new sunscreen formulation by encapsulating zinc oxide nanoparticles and octocrylene in polystyrene-co-methyl methacrylate (PMMA/PS) nanoparticles via mini-emulsion polymerization. He reported that gel containing PMMA nanoparticles was having SPF¹⁰.

 

Nanosuspension:-Nanosuspension is a sub-micron colloidal dispersion having particle size below1µm and which is stabilised by surfactant. Villalobos et al prepared nanosuspension of carnauba wax and titanium dioxide is distributed to aqueous phase and lipid phase. He reported that SPF value of titanium dioxide nanosuspension distributed in liquid phase is higher²⁸.

 

Method of Preparation:

1)    Prepare the water phase mixture by adding samples of different mass fractions according to the formula. First try to stir with a stir bar. If the substance cannot be completely dissolved, you need to use a heater. Manually stir under heating conditions.

2)    Prepare the oil phase mixture according to the ratio in the formula and heat it with a heater to dissolve the sunscreen in the mixture and use a blender to stir the mixture into a delicate paste.

3)    Mix the oil and water phases and make sure that the mixture is a fine paste without any precipitation. If there is solid precipitation, it is necessary to continue heating and stirring until the target product is formed.

4)    When the delicate paste is formed, take the part out and place it in another beaker for stability testing. The time cycle is one week, every day you need to observe whether there is any change in its properties and sun protection effect

5)    The other part of the sunscreen is used to evaluate the effect of sun protection. By comparing the intensity difference received by the UV test paper with or without sunscreen, the sunscreen effect of the prepared sunscreen can be demonstrated by receiving the same intensity and the same time of UV light irradiation.¹⁷

 

Evaluation of Sunscreen Formulations:

1)     Physical Parameters: Appearance, color, and homogeneity were determined²⁹.

 

2)     Determination of Viscosity: The Brookfield viscometer (RVDV-II+PRO) was used to test viscosity, with the proper number of spindles selected. A 50ml beaker was used to hold 50g of preparation until the spindle groove was dipped and the rpm was.

 

3)     Determination of pH: The pH of sunscreens was determined using a digital pH meter. PH was measured after 1g of the formulation was dissolved in 100ml of newly prepared distilled water for 2hours. The purpose of this study was to guarantee that the pH of the produced sunscreens is similar to the pH of the skin after 24hours of use. The results were triple-checked, and S.D. was recorded. The cream in general has a PH 6-9²⁹.

 

4)     Extrudability Study: The cream formulation was filled in the standard capped collapsible aluminum tubes and sealed by crimping the ends. The weight of the tubes was recorded. The tube was placed between two glass slides and was clamped. A 500mg cream was placed over the glass slides and then the cap was removed. The amount of cream extruded was collected and weighed. The percent of cream was calculated and graded as follow:³⁰

 

 

 

 

 

5)     Spreadability:

The spreadability of sunscreens determined their therapeutic efficiency. The appropriate amount of sunscreen was applied between two slides, and under specified load directions, and the two sides took the time in seconds to slide off. Spreadability was defined as the amount of time it took to separate two slides in less time.

 

The formula for calculating it is: 

 

S = M × L / T

 

Where, M = weight tied to upper slide, L = length of glass slide and T= time taken to separate the slides.²⁹

 

6)     Determination of SPF:

A UV Visible spectrophotometer was used to examine the in-vitro efficacy of sunscreens. A 0.10 percent solution (w/v) of sunscreen lotions in ethanol was made by dissolving 0.050g of sunscreen lotions in 50.0ml of ethanol. Between 290 and 320nm, aliquots of each sunscreen were scanned at 5nm intervals. SPF was calculated using the equation below. Three times each sample was analyzed²⁹.

 

SPF = CF∑EE (λ) × I (λ) × A (λ)

 

Whereas, CF= Correction factor, EE= Erythemogenic effect, I= Intensity of solar light of wavelength and A= Absorbance.

 

7)     Skin Irritation test:

The skin irritation test was performed on albino rats of both sexes weighing about 150–200g. The animals were maintained on standard animal feed and free access to water. Hair was shaved from the back of rats and an area of 2 cm2 on both sides. One group served as control (5 % SLS in distilled water), the second group for standard (Marketed Sunscreen), three more groups served as test (F1, F2 and F3) (Hiremath et al. 2008). Lotions at 5ml were applied twice a day for 3 days and the site was observed for any sensitivity, edema and erythema. All evaluations were carried out in triplicate³¹. For pass the test, after seven days of using sunscreen, a skin irritation study found no irritation, sensitivity or minor or patchy erythema²⁹.

 

CONCLUSION:

The current review aimed to prepare a stable sunscreen which is suitable to use by the peoples with psoriasis. The study will hopefully leads to improvement in treatment of skin damages caused by sun’s harmful UV rays and reduces worsening of psoriasis. As some people with psoriasis may use controlled sun exposure as a part of their treatment plan, in such condition sunscreen use is more convenient. Various natural and synthetic sunscreen agents available, but the use of natural sunscreen agents in sunscreen formulation has significant attention due to their safety, less side effects than synthetic agents, multiple biological actions on the skin and cost effectiveness.

 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

At the very outset, I fail to find adequate words, with limited vocabulary at my Command, to express my emotions to “Dear God”, and Shree Ganesh whose eternal blessings, divine presence and masterly guidance helps me to fulfill all my goals. It’s not easy to express my emotions in words especially when I have to say thanks to my guide Ms. Anseri V. Adsul (Asst. Professor. Dept. of Pharmaceutics, Yspm’s YTC, Satara), Prof.Dasharath Sagare (President), Prof. Ajinkya Sagare (Vice President), Prof. (Dr. V.K.Redsani (Principal, Yspm,s YTC, Satara) for his constructive suggestions, meticulous support and constant motivation. Above all I would like to thank My Parents for showering their infinite bounty, clemencies and graces upon me. To them I owe a lifelong indebtedness. I am especially grateful to dear friends Prajakta Chavan, Sanskruti Nalawade, Sayali Zanje, Akshata Kale, Vaishnavi Salunkhe, and Nikita Sawant. At last but not the least I am humbly grateful to all those peoples who directly or indirectly played role of a catalyst to bring out the lovely reaction of this research.

 

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Received on 22.01.2025      Revised on 17.03.2025 Accepted on 28.04.2025      Published on 30.10.2025 Available online from November 08, 2025 Research J. Topical and Cosmetic Sci. 2025; 16(2):102-110. DOI: 10.52711/2321-5844.2025.00017 ©A and V Publications All right reserved
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