Formulation and Evaluation of Dentifrice containing Sesbania grandiflora with Natural Elements
Bhagyashree Parande, S.D. More, C.C. Dongaonkar, Punam Dhumase, Sonal Suryawanshi, Pallavi Wagh,
Komal Shinde, Samiksha Thorat
Department of Pharmaceutics, P.E.S. Modern College of Pharmacy (for Ladies), Moshi, Pune
Dist. Pune, 412105 Maharashtra, India.
*Corresponding Author E-mail: bhagyashri.bhanage@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
Toothpaste is a gel – or paste-based formulation product that is used to clean and maintain oral hygiene with the aid of a toothbrush. The research aims to formulate and evaluate an herbal toothpaste containing Sesbania grandiflora (hadga) flower, which has an antiplaque activity. The Sesbania grandiflora is a locally available natural herb that is not yet used in any toothpaste formulation. Various chemicals and preventive agents have beneficial effects or prevent oral disease. But some of these will have undesirable side effects such as dental staining, altered taste other health-related issues, especially in children. Thus, our research aims to make herbal toothpaste using natural ingredients such as Sesbania grandiflora flower powder extract and propolis extract to the composition of toothpaste enhancing the prevention of microbial infection and is effective in treating gingivitis and suitable surfactant decyl glucoside derived from coco glucoside will be incorporated into toothpaste formulation to replace sodium lauryl sulphate. The objective of our research work is to formulate polyherbal toothpaste which has minimum side effects. Herbal toothpaste was formulated with suitable herbal ingredients to make it stable and evaluated for its organoleptic and physical properties as per standards specified by the Bureau of Indian Standards and compared with marketed toothpaste formulation. This preliminary in vitro study demonstrates that herbal toothpaste is as efficacious as commercial toothpaste in terms of all evaluation properties. Hence, evidence from in vitro studies. It is concluded that herbal toothpaste in a laboratory was found to be of good quality.1,2
KEYWORDS: Herbal Toothpaste, Cosmeceutical, Cleansing, Foaming.
INTRODUCTION:
Oral hygiene is the practice of keeping the mouth and teeth clean to prevent dental issues, such as bad breath, dental carries, gingivitis, and periodontitis. Oral infections are mainly caused by plaque-forming bacteria that are formed when oral hygiene is not maintained, such as Streptococcus mutans, Actinobacillus, and Actinomyces. There are many synthetic toothpastes available in the market to maintain oral hygiene. These synthetic-based materials are used by everyone in day-to-day life to maintain oral hygiene. The harmful chemicals in synthetic toothpaste become toxic to the oral cavity and health, especially in children. Long-term use of Toothpaste containing synthetic surfactants has toxic effects like irritation of oral mucosa and oral toxicity. But, herbal agents and ingredients are safer with fewer side effects. So, in the present research work, we are trying to use herbal ingredients to minimize the toxic effect caused by the long-term use of toothpaste containing synthetic agents.2
In this study, the plaque inhibition potential of S. grandiflora against s. mutans was evaluated. S. grandiflora flower extract shows potential activity against S. mutans and its flower extract has been known to contain alkaloids, flavonoids, saponin, and steroids. These active compounds have the potential to inhibit adhesion and prevent matrix formation. Plaques acquire resistance to inhibitors under nutrient-limited or depleted conditions in contrast to their susceptibility conditions. S. grandiflora flower extract was shown to have antiplaque efficacy under both nutrient-repleted and nutrient-depleted conditions, which indicated the presence of a bioactive agent in the flower extract.
Propolis; a honeybee hive product contains numerous active compounds such as phenolic acids, esters and flavonoids. Thus it has wide pharmacological potential, including antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Also, adding propolis extract to the composition of toothpaste enhances the prevention of microbial infection and is effective in treating gingivitis. Ferulic and caffeic acid also play a role in the bactericidal effect of propolis3,4
Decyl glucoside is a “non-ionic” surfactant obtained from 100% renewable wastewater, through a combination of plant-based fatty alcohol, and decanol which is derived from coconut and glucose (corn starch). Decyl glucoside which is used as a co-surfactant can reduce the total active requirements of other foam-forming agents, without making any change in their performance, cleansing effectiveness, foam volume and ease of thickening, which are all maintained while improving the mild and gentle nature of the final formulation.5,17
Sesbania grandiflora (also known as agati, syn. Aeschynomene grandiflora) humming bird tree/scarlet wisteria is a small tree in the genus Sesbania. Commonly it is known as caturay, katurai (eta an), corkwood tree scarlet wisteria, sesban, vegetable hummingbird (English), agati is a grandes fleurs (eta an), katurai eta an), agathi, agati (Tamil), hadga (Hindi, Marathi), sesbania grandiflora (Linn) belonging to family Leguminosae containing plenty of sterols, saponin and tannins which are responsible for its various pharmacological properties and has been widely used in ayurveda for rasa shastra. Parts used are root bark, leaf, flower, and fruit. Sesbania grandiflora is a tree that has a loose branching pattern and can reach a height of 15 meters. tall. Its leaves are pinnately compound up to 30 cm long with 20-50 leaflets in pairs, dimensions 12-44*5-15mm, oblong to elliptical in shape. Flowers are large, white, rose pink, or red with a calyx 15-22mm. Pods are generally long around 20-60cm and thin about 6-9 mm with broad sutures containing approximately 15 -50 seeds. The active ingredients of Sesbania grandiflora are leucocyanidin and cyaniding which are present in seeds. Oleanolic acids and their methyl esters and kaempferol-3-rutinosides are present in flowers of S. Grandiflora. The bark contains tannins as well as gums. Saponin and sesbanimide were isolated from seeds. Ayurvedic medicinal properties are Rasa (taste): Tikta, Guna (property): Lakhu, Rooksha, Virya (potency): eta. Ayurveda literature states that the plant alleviates vitiated vata, rheumatism, arthritis, and scabies. Hadga is used as an ayurvedic remedy for treating fever, sinus, bruises, venereal diseases, etc. This is among the richest sources of vitamin A. Fruits are used for anemia, bronchitis, fever, and tumors.6,10,12,13,14
MATERIAL AND METHODS:
Material:
The materials used in formulation along with their procurement sources:
|
Sr. No |
Material |
Procurement source |
|
1 |
Sesbania grandiflora |
Kshipra biotech, Indore, Madhya Pradesh |
|
2 |
Propolis |
Vijay Herbal product, Uttam Nagar New Delhi |
|
3 |
Decyl Glucoside |
R.P Chemicals, Mumbai |
The apparatus used in the formulation
|
Sr. No. |
Apparatus Used |
|
1 |
Mortar and Pestle |
|
2 |
Beaker |
|
3 |
Stirrer |
|
4 |
Sieve |
|
5 |
Burner |
|
6 |
Petri plates |
|
7 |
Spatula |
|
8 |
Collapsible tube |
The equipment used in the formulation:
|
SR. No |
Equipment Used |
|
1 |
Autoclave |
|
2 |
Hot Air Oven |
|
3 |
pH meter |
|
4 |
Refrigerator |
METHOD OF PREPARATION:
· Weigh all the ingredients
· Pass propolis powder, Sesbania grandiflora powder, gum tragacanth, and calcium carbonate through sieve n0. 80.
· Mix propolis powder, Sesbania grandiflora powder, and gum tragacanth in a mortar pestle.
· Make the semisolid mass of glycerine and calcium carbonate in a beaker.
· Make a mixture of menthol in water and add the mixture to glycerine and calcium carbonate
· Add the above mixture to a mortar and pestle containing a mixture of propolis powder, Sesbania grandiflora powder, and gum tragacanth.
· Mix it well until uniform paste forms and then transfer it into the container.19
Determination of the effective concentration of Sesbania grandiflora:
For the determination of the effective concentration of Sesbania grandiflora, we have taken three concentrations of sesbania to perform a microbial assay against Streptococcus mutans.
The standard cup well method was used to determine the antibacterial activity by using solid Mueller- Hinton agar media. For the bioassay, 0.1ml of the Streptococcus mutans culture was spread on solid Mueller- Hinton agar media on a petri dish at 37℃. 3 wells were made, by using a cork borer, and pouring dilutions of Sesbania grandiflora into the wells for 24hours. Here the inhibition zone was measured in centimeters (cm).
To observe which conc. Were able to inhibit the bacteria, three serial dilutions of conc. 2.5%, 5.0%, and 10% were examined.6
Preparation of dilutions:6
1. For 10% take 1gm S. grandiflora extract and dilute it with DMSOupto10ml in a volumetric flask.
2. For 5% take 0.5gm S. grandiflora extract and dilute it with DMSO upto10ml in a volumetric flask.
3. For 2.5% take 0.25gm S. grandiflora extract and dilute it with DMSO upto10ml in a volumetric flask
|
Sesbania grandiflora Concentration (%) |
Zone of inhibition (mm) |
|
2.5 |
12.5 |
|
5 |
12.8 |
|
10 |
14.2 |
By performing this microbial assay, we found that a 10% concentration of Sesbania grandiflora will show a maximum zone of inhibition.
Formulation Development Approach:
· By using a 10% concentration of Sesbania grandiflora flower extract, we have taken three formulation approaches
· In F1 Concentration of decyl glucoside taken in this approach is 0.036 gm and we found excessive foaming and less cooling sensation.
· In F2 Replacing mint with menthol and decreasing the quantity of decyl glucoside outcome of this approach is a Cooling sensation due to menthol, foam is appropriate but toothpaste became dry after a few weeks.7
· In F3 by increasing the quantity of glycerine dryness was reduced.
|
Sr. No. |
Ingredients |
Role |
F1 (gm) |
F2 (gm) |
F3 (gm) |
|
1 |
Sesbania grandiflora |
Antiplaque |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
2 |
Propolis |
Antibacterial |
0.96 |
0.96 |
0.96 |
|
3 |
Calcium carbonate |
Abrasive |
12 |
12 |
10.8 |
|
4 |
Decyl Glucoside |
Surfactant |
0.036 |
0.024 |
0.024 |
|
5 |
Gum Tragacanth |
Binder |
1.2 |
2 |
1.2 |
|
6 |
Glycerine |
Humectant |
12 |
12 |
13.2 |
|
7 |
Methyl Paraben |
Preservative |
0.036 |
0.036 |
0.036 |
|
8 |
Mint |
Flavouring Agent |
q. s. |
- |
- |
|
8 |
Menthol |
Flavoring agent |
q. s. |
q. s. |
q. s. |
|
9 |
Purified water |
Vehicle |
q. s. |
q. s. |
q. s. |
Evaluation:4,15
A. Organoleptic properties:
a. Colour: formulated toothpaste is evaluated for its color. Visually colour was checked.
b. Odour: odour was found by smelling the product
c. Taste: The taste was checked manually by tasting the formulation.
B. Physicochemical properties:
a. Spreadability:
In this method slip and drag characteristics of paste are involved. Formulated toothpaste (2gm) placed on the ground slide under study. The formulated paste was placed on a slide for 5 minutes to expel air and to provide a uniform film of the paste between the slides. The excess paste was scrapped off from the edges. The top of the plate was then subjected to a pull of 80gm with the help of string attached to the hook and the time (sec) required by the top slides to cover a distance of 7.5 cm was noted. Better spreadability was indicated by a short interval.
Formula to calculate spreadability:
S = M*L / T
Where,
S = Spreadability
M = Weight in pan tied to the upper slide.
L = Length moved by a glass slide.
T = Time (sec) taken to separate the upper slide from the ground slide.
b. pH Determination: The pH of formulated herbal toothpaste was determined by using a pH meter 10gm of toothpaste was placed in 150ml of the beaker. Allow the 10ml of boiled and then cooled water. Stir vigorously to make a suspension.
c. Foamability: The foamability of formulated toothpaste is evaluated by taking a small amount of formulation with water in a measuring cylinder. The volume was recorded initially and then shaken 10 times. The final volume of foam was noted.
d. Viscosity: Paste viscosity measurements were evaluated using a Brookfield digital viscometer (LD DV-II Ultras programmable Remoter, USA) using spindle no.3 by applying an increasing value of shear rate, to reveal possible flow behavior of the pastes. All viscosities temperature of 30℃.
C. Microbial evaluation:
Evaluation of prepared toothpaste formulation for Anti-microbial activity: The antimicrobial activity of formulated herbal toothpaste was compared with marketed herbal propolis toothpaste. The standard cup well method was used to determine the antibacterial activity by using solid Mueller-Hinton agar media. For the bioassay, 0.1 ml of the Streptococcus mutans culture was spread on solid Mueller- Hinton agar media on a petri dish at 37℃. 3 wells were made, by using cork borer and pouring dilutions into the wells for 24hours. Here the inhibition zone was measured in millimetres (mm). 8
Preparation of dilutions:
For marketed toothpaste take 1gm paste and dilute it with DMSO upto10ml in a volumetric flask.
For prepared toothpaste take 1gm paste and dilute it with DMSO upto10ml in a volumetric flask.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION:
Herbal toothpaste formulation was prepared from Sesbania grandiflora flower powder extract, propolis, natural-based surfactant Decyl glucoside, Calcium carbonate, Gum tragacanth, propylparaben, glycerine, and menthol. At the time of formulation development, three batches (F1, F2, F3) were prepared. Among them (F1 and F2) were discarded due to the formulation problem viz, consistency, hardness, formability, and cooling effect. Based on evaluation parameters batch (F3) was selected for final formulation. The developed herbal toothpaste showed a brown color with good smoothness, and good homogeneity with an absence of lumps. The values of extrudability designate that the paste is easily transmissible by a small amount of shear stress. The spreadability of formulated toothpaste (F2) was 5.7cm. Viscosity was found to be 3624 cps. Hence, the spreadability and extrudability of the prepared herbal formulation were good.
Physical evaluation: (color, odor, transparency, smoothness, viscosity, pH, etc.) of herbal toothpaste formulation:
The results of the evaluation parameters show encouraging results. Hence, the herbal toothpaste was found to be of good quality.
I. Organoleptic properties:
|
Sr. No. |
Parameter |
|
Result |
|
|
|
Organoleptic Properties |
F1 |
F2 |
F3 |
|
1 |
Appearance |
Semisolid |
Semisolid |
Semisolid |
|
2 |
Colour |
Whitish |
Light brown |
brownish |
|
3 |
Odour |
Characteristics |
Characteristics |
Characteristics |
|
4 |
Taste |
Bitter |
Minty |
Minty |
|
5 |
Texture |
Rough |
Smooth |
Smooth |
II. Physical evaluation:
|
Sr. No |
Parameter |
F1 |
F2 |
F3 |
|
1 |
pH |
6.36 |
6.1 |
6.41 |
|
2 |
Foamability |
Excess |
Moderate |
Good |
|
3 |
Viscosity |
2454cps |
3500cps |
3624cps |
|
4 |
Spreadability |
5 cm |
5.1 cm |
5.7 cm |
|
5 |
Extrudability |
Poor |
Good |
Good |
III. Microbial evaluation:
The antimicrobial activity of formulated herbal toothpaste was compared with marketed herbal propolis toothpaste.
Preparation of dilutions:
· For marketed propolis toothpaste take 1gm paste and dilute it with DMSO up to 10ml in a volumetric flask.
· For prepared toothpaste take 1gm paste and dilute it with DMSO up to 10ml in a volumetric flask.
Antimicrobial activity:
It was observed that the formulated herbal toothpaste has good antimicrobial activity and the same efficacious as that of the marketed one7
|
Name of Formulation |
Zone of inhibition (mm) |
|
Marketed toothpaste |
15 |
|
S. Grandiflora toothpaste |
14.5 |
CONCLUSION:
The present research work concludes that toothpaste theoretically as well as experimentally serves the basic properties of general toothpaste with the advantage of having the medicinal properties of Sesbania grandiflora, which makes it unique in its category. From the microbial test, it has been observed that toothpaste can easily inhibit the growth of Streptococcus mutans bacteria. The PH test shows that our product is within the neutral range. Although F3 optimized batch lacks much foam, it successfully whitens the teeth, kills germs, and imparts a fresh feeling inside the mouth. Instead of mint, we used menthol, which is known for its aroma and cooling sensation. Hence, to get rid of bad breath. Propolis used as an excipient in this formulation, has antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties. Decyl glucoside is used to replace sodium Lauryl Sulphate to avoid its toxicity, as SLS is present in a lot of daily-used formulations like shampoos, toothpaste, creams, lotions, cleansing milk, etc. The efficiency of toothpaste was qualitatively and quantitatively assessed by the presence or absence of a zone of inhibition and zone diameter values, and it exhibits extremely vital results towards the entire tested microorganism (S. mutans). The researchers concluded that herbal toothpaste is more emphasized and more acceptable in dental research, and it is safer with fewer side effects than synthetic preparations. The formulation was compared with the marketed preparation therefore, it shows equal patronizing and engrossing passion over the marketed formulation of propolis toothpaste. The formulated herbal toothpaste has good scope in the future for nature-remedies research and the dental health of the public.
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Received on 26.10.2023 Revised on 16.02.2024 Accepted on 30.07.2024 Published on 05.12.2024 Available online on December 28, 2024 Research J. Topical and Cosmetic Sci. 2024; 15(2):70-74. DOI: 10.52711/2321-5844.2024.00012 ©A and V Publications All right reserved
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