INTRODUCTION:

Skin is one most important organ of human body which regulates body temperature and protects body from external harmful environmental effects such as injury and infection. It contains 16% body mass and largest organ of body. Skin is organized into two primary layers, epidermis and dermis, which are made up of epithelial, mesenchymal, glandular and neurovascular components. Nowadays the one major stress to skin is UV radiation exposure from sun. Pollution are increased day by day that cause depletion of ozone layer are major issue. Due to depletion of ozone layer the harm full UV rays of sun pass from the ozone layer and strike on earth surface and penetrate inside human skin. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is defined as that portion of the electromagnetic radiation lies between X-rays and visible light. UV radiation lies between 200 to 400 nm.

Types of UV radiation:

UV-A Radiation:

radiation ranges between 320 to 400 nm. UV-A is most responsible radiation for immediate tanning or darkening of the skin.

UV-B Radiation:

radiation ranges between 280 to 320 nm. UV-B radiations are known as burning rays. UV-B rays act mainly on the epidermal basal cell layer of the skin but more genotoxic than UV-A radiations. Ultraviolet B (UVB) rays change with time and season are major cause of sunburn. Sunburned skin is a leading risk factor for skin cancer.

UV-C Radiation:

radiation ranges between 200 to 280 nm. UV-C radiations are filtered by ozone layers so less effective and hazardous.

UV RADIATION EFFECT ON SKIN:

UVB irradiation includes edema, erythema, and pigment darkening followed by delayed tanning, thickening of the epidermis and dermis, and synthesis of vitamin D; chronic UVB effects are photoaging, immunosuppression, and photocarcinogenesis. Most skin cancers cause by exposure to the UV rays in sunlight. The risk of melanoma, a more serious but less common type of skin cancer, is also caused by sun exposure, although perhaps not as strongly.

Sunscreen:

For protection from UV radiation exposure various kind of cosmetic formulations are used. These cosmetic formulations are occurred in form of oil, cream, lotion, gel, sticks, etc. which reduce effect of UV exposure or completely suppress it. These cosmetic formulations are known as sunscreen.

Sunscreen is basically two types: Physical and chemical sunscreen.

Chemical sunscreen: Broad-spectrum sunscreens often contain a number of chemical ingredients that absorb UVA and UVB radiation. Many sunscreens contain UVA-absorbing avobenzone or benzophenone (such as oxybenzone, dioxybenzone, or sulisobenzone), in addition to UVB-absorbing chemical ingredients (some of which also contribute to UVA protection). In rare cases, chemical ingredients cause skin reactions, including burning, acne, itching, rash, blisters, dryness, redness, stinging, swelling, and tightening of the skin. Consult a physician if these symptoms occur. These reactions are most commonly associated with para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA)-based sunscreens and those containing benzophenones.

Physical sunscreen: The physical compounds titanium dioxide and zinc oxide reflect, scatter, and absorb both UVA and UVB rays. These ingredients, produced through chemical processes, do not typically cause allergic reactions. Using new technology, the particle sizes of titanium dioxide and zinc oxide have been reduced, making them more transparent without losing their ability to screen UV.

Other type of sunscreen is known as natural and herbal sunscreen which contains herbs and herbal extract as active ingredient. These herbs have potency to treat or prevent sun UV radiation effect on human skin.

Herbs used in herbal sunscreen:

Indian gooseberry:

Phyllanthus emblica L. Synonym: (Emblica officinalis), Amla belonging to family Euphorbiaceae. Indian gooseberry is important medicinal plant in Indian ayurvedic system. Indian gooseberry is using both dietary and medicinal purposes. It is used in cosmetic due to their antioxidant properties. Amla is rich sources of Ascorbic acid. β-Glucogallin has a significant role in the photoprotection efficacy. β-Glucogallin Increase the tolerance of UV B stress by show ROS inhibitory effect. Also, it inhibits UV induced melanogenesis and prevents skin tanning due to sun exposure.

Figure 1: Indian gooseberry

Curcuma longa:

commonly known as turmeric belonging to family Zingiberaceae. Turmeric are commonly used spice and as food coloring agent. Curcumin are main ingredient of Curcumin longa which are isolated from rhizome of turmeric (curcuma longa). Curcumin belong to class of poly phenolics and potent antioxidants as well as photoprotective. Curcumin possesses antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antitumoral. Mukund Manikrao Donglikar et al. (2017) Topical application of Curcumin in epidermis of CD-1 mice significantly inhibited UVA-induced ornithine decarboxylase ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity. The inhibitory effects of Curcumin were having to its ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species reactive oxygen species (ROS).

Figure 2: Curcuma longa

Aleo Vera:

Aloe barbadensis Miller (Aloe chinensis Bak, Aloe elongata Murray, Aloe indica Royle, A. officinalis Forsk) belonging to family Alliaceae. According to WHO, medicinal plants would be the best source for obtaining a variety of drugs. The active Ingredients of aloe include anthraquinones, chromones, polysaccharides, and enzymes. The anthraquinones and chro- mones are responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity, anti- cancer, and evacuating. In aleo Vera the enzyme bradykinase stops the sunburns and stimulates immune system intervention.

Figure 3: Aleo Vera

Jojoba oil:

it is vegetable oil obtained from crushed bean of jojoba scrub Simmondsia chinenis belonging to family Buxaceae. Jojoba is effective for treating eczema, psoriasis and dry skin. Jojoba oil have main ingredient is myristic acid which are effective for sun protection of skin.

Figure 4: Jojoba

Fenugreek seed:

Trigonella foenum-graecum belonging to family Fabaceae. Fenugreek seeds possess antioxidant effects and contain mucilage which has emollient properties. It can also produce s kin healing, whitening, moisturizing, and skin soothening and anti wrinkle effects.

Figure 5: Fenugreek seed

Sandal wood:

Santalum album linn belonging to family Santalaceae. Main constitute of sandal wood oil is alpha and beta santolol in herbal sunscreen. It prevents skin aging, skin wrinkle caused by UV radiation.

Figure 6: Sandal wood

CONCLUSION:

UV radiation of sun rays causes harmful effect on human skin. Protection from that harmful UV radiation of sun rays one best way avoids direct contact of sunrays. But it is not possible for all people or in summer. So, protection of skin from harmful UV radiation sunscreen or other traditionally methods are necessary. Herbal sunscreen is mixture of herbs that have potential to protect skin from harmful UV rays. Chemical sunscreen also effective but have dangerous side effect and very costly. Herbal sunscreen is safer less side effect and less costly. In herbal sunscreen mixture of herbs have more than one effect for skin disorder caused by harmful UV radiation.

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Received on 09.02.2020 Accepted on 11.03.2020

Research J. Topical and Cosmetic Sci. 2020; 11(2):95-97.

DOI: 10.5958/2321-5844.2020.00017.5