INTRODUCTION:

A shampoo may be described as a surfactant preparation (i.e. surface-active material) in an acceptable form-liquid, solid, or powder which, when used under the specified conditions, removes surface grease, dirt and skin debris from the hair, shaft, and scalp without adversely affecting the hair, scalp, or user's health¹. The word shampoo used in English dates back to 1762, meaning to “massage”. The word derived from Anglo-Indian shampoo to smear, knead the muscles, massage in turn from Hindi champoo imerative of champna. Shampoo assessment involves quality control measures including visual examination, and physiochemical controls such as pH, density, and viscosity². Sodium lauryl sulfate-based detergents are the most common but the concentration can vary widely from brand to brand and also within the product range of a supplier³.

Dandruff affects 5 % of the population and occurs mainly after puberty, and affects males more than females between 20-30 years, which dandruff. Shampoos are most commonly used as beautifying agents, and are a viscous detergent solution that includes appropriate preservatives and active ingredients⁴. It is usually applied to wet hair, massaging into the hair, and rinsing with water. Cheap shampoos may have a high concentration of detergent whereas expensive shampoos can have very little of a cheap detergent. Small flakes falling out of the scalp identify as dandruff⁵. A small amount of white is common, as dead skin cells flake off your scalp, many people experience an extremely large amount of flaking⁶. The quality assessments provide visual assessment and physiochemical testing such as pH, density, and viscosity⁷. The assessment involves quality control. Sodium lauryl sulfate-based detergents are the most common but the concentration can vary widely from brand to brand and also within the product range of a supplier⁸.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Collection of plants:

Orange peel, Aloe vera, lemon, hibiscus, neem, eucalyptus and rose, were collected from the market and washed under running water to remove contaminants. They are dried in shade, converted into coarse powders and sieved using 60 meshes.

Preparation of plant extract:

Orange peel, Aloe vera, lemon, hibiscus, neem, eucalyptus and rose were homogenized. The powdered material was extracted with distilled water by boiling for 4 hrs. The extract of each plant material was separated and evaporated.

Formulation of antidandruff shampoo:

Formulation of the antidandruff shampoo was done as per the formula given in Table 1. To the added the herbal extract and mixed by shaking continuously at the time interval of 20 min. lemon juice was also added with constant stirring. To improve aroma in the formulation, sufficient quantity of essential oil (rose oil) was added.

Table 1: Ingredients of the antidandruff shampoo

Sr.no	Materials required	Quantity to be weighed
1	Orange peel	0.5g
2	Aloe vera	0.5g
3	Eucalyptus	0.5g
4	Hibiscus	0.5g
5	Neem	0.5g
6	Sodium lauryl sulphate	0.5g
7	Rose oil	q.s
8	Lemon juice	q.s
9	Demineralized water	q.s

Evaluation of Shampoo:

Physical appearance/visual inspection:

The formulations were evaluated in terms of their clarity, colour and odour.

Determination of pH:

pH 10 % of your shampoo solution. Dip one stripe of pH paper into the solution and compare the stripe color to value. After calibration also the pH meter can be used. Most shampoos are slightly acidic, or neutral. Acidic solutions cause hair cuticular (outer layer) to shrink and lay flatter on the hair shaft. Specific solutions cause the cuticula to swell and become open. Acidic solutions make it appear better to the hair. Basic solutions make hair appear more frizzy⁹.

Dirt dispersion:

A large test tube containing 10 ml distilled water held two drops of shampoo. 1 drop of Indian ink has been added; the test tube has been stopped and 10 shakes it. None, Medium, Moderate or High are the measured volume of ink in the foam. Shampoos that concentrate the ink into the foam are known to be of low quality. The dirt will stay in the section of the stream. It is difficult to rinse away the dirt that remains in the foam. It will redeposit on the hair¹⁰.

Determination of percentage solid content:

Weighed a clean, dry, evaporating dish and applied 4 grams of shampoo to the evaporating frame. The dish and shampoo was weighed. Just measured the exact weight of the shampoo and placed the evaporating dish with shampoo on the hot plate until the liquid part was evaporated. The shampoo weight (solids) was only measured after drying. When a shampoo has too many solids it would be difficult to incorporate through the hair or too difficult to wash out. If it isn't enough it's going to be too watery and wash away easily. A good shampoo will be between 20% – 30% solids¹¹.

Surface tension measurement:

Measurements were performed at room temperature with 10 per cent shampoo dilution in distilled water. The stalagmometer is thoroughly washed with chronic acid and filtered water. Because surface tension is highly affected with grease or other lubricants¹².

Cleaning action:

Five grams of wool yarn were put in grease, after which it was put in 200 ml. of water in a flask containing 1 gram of shampoo. Water temperature was kept at 350^◦C. The flask was shaken at a pace of 50 times a minute, for 4 minutes. The solvent was drained and samples were collected, dried and measured. The volume of grease removed was estimated using the equation below:

DP = 100 (1-T/C)

In which, DP is the percentage of detergency power, C is the weight of sebum in the control sample and T is the weight of sebum in the test sample¹³.

Wetting time:

The canvas was cut into disks 1 inch in diameter with an average weight of 0.44 g. The disk floated 1 per cent w/v on the shampoo solution surface and the stopwatch began. The time it took for the disc to start sinking was precisely measured and noted as the wetting time¹⁴.

Washability:

The formulation was applied to the skin, and then was manually tested for ease and degree of washing with water¹⁵.

Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus:

Using the agar medium, the prepared antidandruff shampoo formulation subjected for antimicrobial activity by agar medium cup plate method. This antimicrobial activity was studied with 1 percent of antidandruff shampoos. The petriplates were incubated at 37^◦C for 24hrs. The inhibitory zone was successfully observed for formulation^16-19.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

The prepared Antidandruff shampoo was evaluated for physical appearance/visual inspection, determination if pH, determine % of solid contents, surface tension measurement, foam ability and antimicrobial activity.

Physical appearance/visual inspection:

The formulations prepared were appeared i n brown colour.

Determination of pH:

At room temperature 25⁰C, the pH of 10 % shampoo solution in distilled water was measured and the pH range was found to be 6.3 to 6.6.

Dirt Dispersion:

Shampoo that causes the concentration of the ink in the foam is considered poor quality, the dirt should remain in the water. Dirt that remains in the foam can be hard to clean out. It is going to redeposit on your head. The shampoo which is formulated shows good results. Such tests suggest that no dirt will remain in the foam; thus, the formulations prepared are satisfactory.

Determine percent of solid contents:

The shampoo weight (only solids) was measured for all formulations after drying and the range was found to be 24.41% to 24.45%.

Surface tension measurement:

Measurements were performed at room temperature with a 10 percent dilution of shampoo in distilled water and the range was found to be 32.23 to 33.24.

Cleansing Action:

The cleaning behavior has been checked in graase on wool yarn. Studies from detergency studies have shown that the final formulation has a significantly comparable detergent potential contained in 24.6.

Wetting time:

A surfactant's wetting ability depends on its concentration, and is commonly used to test its effectiveness. The wetting time of herbal shampoo shown in table 2 was found to be 13 sec.

Table 2: Evaluation of Shampoo

Sr. No	Parameter	Initial	2nd month	3rd month
1	Colour	Brown	Brown	Brown
2	pH	6.3	6.4	6.6
3	Dirt dispersion	Good	Good	Good
4	Percentage of solid contents	24.45	24.22	24.41
5	Surface tension (dynes/cm)	33.21	33.24	32.23
6	Cleansing action	24.8	24.6	24.2
7	Wetting time	14 sec	13 sec	13 sec
8	Washability	Good	Good	Good

Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus:

The formulations prepared for the antidandruff shampoo were subjected to antimicrobial activity using the agar medium cup-plate method. This antimicrobial activity was studied with 1% of antidandruff shampoos. Inhibition zone was successfully observed for formulation.

Table 3: Evaluation of formulations for Zone of Inhibition

Treatment	concentration	Zone of inhibition
Treatment	concentration	Staph. aureus
1% antidandruff shampoo	10 µg/ml	2mm
	25 µg/ml	3 mm
	50 µg/ml	5 mm
Std.(ciprofloxacin)	25 µg/ml	6mm

CONCLUSION:

In the present research antidandruff shampoo was prepared and for evaluation compared to standard drug against Staphylococcus aureus and zone of inhibition obtained. The formulation was also evaluated for the physicochemical properties using recommended procedures. The shampoo revealed ideal characteristics of a shampoo. It may have effectiveness in antidandruff activity efficiency. Therefore the formulation met the aims of the present research, which could hold promise for further studies.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

I express my sincere thanks to Vice-principal Prof. Dr. S. K. Mohite for providing me all necessary facilities and valuable guidance extended to me.

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Received on 23.05.2020 Accepted on 11.08.2020

Research J. Topical and Cosmetic Sci. 2020; 11(2):55-58.

DOI: 10.5958/2321-5844.2020.00009.6